What are the "big five" beta-blockers (BBs)?

The selection correctly identifies the "big five" beta-blockers, which are Metoprolol, Carvedilol, Propranolol, Labetalol, and Atenolol. These medications are widely used in cardiovascular practice for their ability to block beta-adrenergic receptors, ultimately reducing heart rate, myocardial contractility, and blood pressure.

Metoprolol is often utilized for its selective action on beta-1 receptors, making it an excellent choice for treating hypertension and heart failure. Carvedilol uniquely blocks both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors as well as alpha-1 receptors, providing additional vasodilatory effects beneficial for patients with heart failure. Propranolol, a non-selective beta-blocker, is valuable for various indications including anxiety and migraine prophylaxis, in addition to its cardiovascular benefits. Labetalol also provides both beta and alpha blockade, making it particularly useful in acute management scenarios such as hypertensive emergencies. Atenolol is similar to Metoprolol, favored for its once-daily dosing and favorable side effect profile in patients with ischemic heart disease.

The other choices contain some medications that do not belong to the beta-blocker class or include medications that are not