Which sign is indicative of aortic regurgitation?

A water-hammer pulse, also known as a bisferiens pulse, is characterized by a strong and bounding pulse that has a rapid rise and fall. This type of pulse is indicative of significant discrepancies in systolic and diastolic pressures, which occurs in aortic regurgitation. In this condition, the aortic valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow back into the left ventricle during diastole. As a result, there is an increase in stroke volume and a decrease in diastolic pressure, leading to the pronounced pulse characteristics seen in patients with aortic regurgitation.

The other signs listed are not directly indicative of aortic regurgitation. Janeway lesions refer to small, non-tender lesions associated with infective endocarditis rather than aortic regurgitation specifically. Carotid bruits are indicative of carotid artery disease or atherosclerosis and do not reflect the hemodynamic changes seen in aortic regurgitation. Mueller's sign, which is a type of pulsation or heave of the uvula, is associated with increased intrathoracic pressure but lacks specificity for aortic regurgitation. The water-hammer pulse is the most directly associated sign, making it